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The social and psychological burdens of the many wars of the eighteenth century, which in the era before the dawn of nationalism were exclusively the province of the monarchy.However, supporters of both models identify many of the same features of the Ancien Régime as being among the causes of the Revolution. According to this model, these movements coincided with popular movements of the new wage-earning classes and the provincial peasantry, but any alliance between classes was contingent and incidental. Another interpretation asserts that the Revolution resulted when various aristocratic and bourgeois reform movements spun out of control. Under one interpretation, the old aristocratic order of the Ancien Régime succumbed to an alliance of the rising bourgeoisie, aggrieved peasants, and urban wage-earners. Historians disagree about the political and socioeconomic nature of the Revolution. The Ideals: Declaration of Human Rights The concept that the people of a nation are citizens with rights was a fundamental assumption of the French Revolution. The French revolution put nationalism on the political map. What the Revolution did emphasize was the concepts of being a citizen with rights and of that nation as belonging to its citizens, who are not merely subjects of a ruler who more or less “owns” the state. There were too many monarchists to have a republic and too many republicans to have a monarch.
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In France, not everyone sympathized with or supported the Revolution and no single, dominant or shared vision of governance developed. French revolutionary ideas also inspired and influenced Marxist revolutionary movements such as the Bolsheviks in Russia who followed the pattern established in France of large scale executions of the enemies of the people by impersonal government organs. This was accompanied by the reunification of Germany as a defensive measure against a future Napoleon. The longer term European consequences include the counter-enlightenment and romantic movement in Germany which arose in reaction to the imposition of French rationalist culture. Subsequent events caused by the revolution include the Napoleonic wars, the restoration of the monarchy, and two additional revolutions as modern France took shape. The revolution was unable to establish a durable system of governance, and in the following century, France would be governed variously as a republic, a dictatorship, a constitutional monarchy, and two different empires and under a dozen different constitutions. To crush the resistance to revolution and the new order about 18,000 - 40,000 people were executed. People were given new identities as citizens of the state. The revolution was based on a hatred of tradition and desire to use the power of the state to create a new order. In reality it led to the loss of liberty, dictatorship and nationalism. The Revolution was originally a popular uprising against the absolute power of the king and against the privileges and wealth of the elite, and was perpetrated in the name of liberty, equality and fraternity. These changes were accompanied by violent turmoil, including executions and repression during the Reign of Terror, and warfare involving every other major European power. The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of ideological, political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French polity, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on Enlightenment principles of republicanism, citizenship, and rights.